Anyone willing to take the necessary trouble will find that, with the aid of the grid system, he is better fitted to find a solution to his design problems which is functional, logical and also more aesthetically pleasing.

The use of the grid as an ordering system is the expression of a certain mental attitude inasmuch as it shows that the designer conceives his work in terms that are constructive and oriented to the future

The designer's work should have the clearly intelligible, objective, functional and aesthetic quality of mathematical thinking

The designer's work should be a contribution to general culture and itself form part of it

Constructive design which is capable of analysis and reproduction can influence and enhance the taste of a society and the way it conceives forms and colours

Working with the grid system means submitting to laws of universal validity

The use of the grid system implies the will to systematize, clarify, penetrate to the essentials, concentrate, cultivate objectivity instead of subjectivity, rationalize the creative and technical production process, integrate elements of colour, form and material, achieve architectural dominion over surface and space, adopt a positive, forward-looking attitude, and the recognition of the importance of education and the effect of work devised in a constructive and creative spirit

Every visual creative work is a manifestation of the character of the designer. It is a reflection of his knowledge, his ability, and his mentality

The grid divides a two-dimensional plane into smaller fields or a three-dimensional space into smaller compartments. The fields or compartments may be the same or different in size. The width of the fields is identical with the width of the columns. The depths and the widths are indicated in typographic measures, in points or ciceros. The fields are separated by an intermediate space so that on the one hand pictures do not touch each other and legibility is thus preserved and on the other that captions can be placed below the illustrations. The vertical distance between the fields is 1, 2 or more lines of text, the horizontal space depending on the size of the type character and of the illustrations.

The grid determines the constant dimensions of space. There is virtually no limit to the number of grid divisions

If the text and pictures are arranged systematically, the priorities stand out more clearly

A suitable grid in visual design makes it easier to construct the argument objectively with the means of visual communication, to construct the text and illustrative material systematically and logically, to organize the text and illustrations in a compact arrangement with its own rhythm, to put together the visual material so that it is readily intelligible and structured with a high degree of tension

Using the grid, a problem can be solved in less time and at a lower cost, both simple and complex problems can be solved in a uniform and characteristic style, the systematic presentation of facts, of sequences of events, and of solutions too problems should, for social and educational reasons, be a constructive contribution to the cultural state of society and an expression of our sense of responsibility

Orderliness lends added credibility to the information and induces confidence

Information presented with clear and logically set out titles, subtitles, texts, illustrations and captions will not only be read more quickly and easily but the information will also be better understood and retained in the memory

In conventional typography the size of the type is measured in points

The depth of the type (top to bottom) is called the 'point size' or 'body' and the width of the letters is called the 'set' or 'width'

There are condensed, medium, and expanded type and extra-condensed and extra-expanded. Medium type is the easiest type to read

6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60

Knowledge of the quality of a typeface is of the greatest importance for the functional, aesthetic and psychological effect of printed matter

The typographic design, i.e. the correct spaces between letters and words and the length and spacing of lines conducive to easy reading, does much to enhance the impression created

According to a well-known empirical rule there should be 7-10 words per line for a text of any length

Every difficulty standing in the reader's way means loss of quality in communication and memorability

The right width column is essential for an even and pleasant rhythm of reading which enables the reader to relax and concentrate wholly on the content

Margins of the same size can never result in an interesting page design; they always create an impression of indecision and dullness

If the page number is above or below the type area, it should be placed one or more empty lines above or below it, depending on the size of the margin

If the page number is placed on the left or the right side of the type area, the distance should as a rule be equal to the space separating the columns of type

The page number is also referred to as the folio

Display work refers to words or type matter which is made to stand out from the rest of the text by a specifically striking arrangement or by the use of larger, bolder, or italic faces, etc.

Under no circumstances must characters of the same style of face be mixed with other

Clear contrasts between the typefaces and sizes make for quick and easy reading

Italics are often used for subtitles

Before the type area can be determined, the designer must know how much text and illustrative matter must be accommodated in the printed work he has to design and of what nature it is.

The designer must approach each new problem with an open mind and must seek to solve it by analysing it objectively

The edges of the paper have the following technical names: inside edge = back, outside edge = left and right fore edges (gutters), top edge = head, bottom edge = tail

If the column is too narrow and the face too large, too few words can be placed on a line and the rapid change from one line to the next fatigues the eye during reading

The type area's relationship to the size of the page must but satisfactory and aesthetically pleasing

Between the grid fields there is always 1 line of leading which is left as empty space or used for captions to the illustrations

Many outstanding achievements in visual communication are due to simplicity, to the reduction of graphic resources to their bare essentials

The designer who is aware of the possibilities of variation and combination afforded by this grid system can be assured of richly varied and satisfying work in his profession

A photograph cut out in the shape of a letter is an extreme form of design which is rarely used

To give a cut-out photograph greater optical stability it can be underlaid with a colour area like a blockout illustration

Design demands to a very high degree not only emotional but also intellectual capacity for creative achievement